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We have received your request and will respond promptly. Log In. If your looking for something and you can't find what your looking for, try searching where you think you won't find what your looking for. What to do if you forget your admin password, part 1 With all the information administrators process daily, it's no wonder that passwords are forgotten sometimes. If you choose not to or can't assign yourself a new password, you have several options. This file stores all users and their passwords defined on the local computer; if you delete it, you'll delete all local users with it.

After you restart the machine, you'll be able to use Administrator username with a blank password. Note: Remember that you'll lose all user accounts defined on this machine. If Windows is installed on an NTFS partition, you have two options--both of which require a bit of work. Or you can delete the SAM file from another instance of Windows if you don't want to fool with old bootable floppies. This requires you to install a temporary instance of Windows on the same computer and delete the file from there.

After you log on to your original installation, you can remove the temporary one. There's a slightly different method you can try if you don't want to lose all your existing user accounts. By default, Windows starts a special screen saver located in Logon. If successful, this command would effectively put Netcat on The hacker could then start Netcat using another URL:.

Telnetting to the system on port would provide a command prompt. This is an effective and simple attack, and it can even be scripted and automated. However, this attack does leave behind its footprints. Searching your IIS logs for tftp will reveal whether anyone has been attempting this kind of attack.

Block outgoing connections from your web server at the firewall. Stealthy Port Scanning Human-like Because Netcat can talk to a range of ports, a rather obvious use for the tool would be as a port scanner. Your first instinct might be to have Netcat connect to a whole slew of ports on the target host:. Remember that Netcat is not specifically a port scanner. In this situation, Netcat would start at port 80 and attempt TCP connections until something answered.

As soon as something answered on a port, Netcat would wait for standard input before continuing. This is not what we are looking for. The —z option is the answer. This option will tell Netcat to send minimal data to get a response from an open port.

Because the —v option always gives you details about what connections Netcat is making, you can use it to see the results of your port scan. After you use the —v option, you can see that some of the usual suspects are running between TCP port 20 and Feb 12 originix sshd[]: Did not receive ident string from Feb 12 originix telnetd[]: ttloop: read: Broken pipe Feb 12 originix ftpd[]: FTP session closed.

Notice how all these events happened at the exact same time and with incremental process IDs through Imagine if you had scanned a wider range of ports. Some firewall applications will automatically block an IP address if they receive too many connections from it within a short period of time.

Netcat provides ways to make scans a bit stealthier. You can use the —i option and set up a probing interval. It will take a lot longer to get information, but the scan has a better chance of slipping under the radar. Using the —r option to randomize the order in which Netcat scans those ports will also help the scan look less like a port scan:.

This tells Netcat to choose ports randomly between 20 and 80 on This should get past any automated defenses, but the evidence of the scan will still be in the target logs; it will just be more spread out.

You can do the same kind of stealthy port scanning using UDP instead. UDP scanning has a problem. Because it can be used for many general tasks rather than performing one task extremely well, you might be better off using a port scanner that was written specifically for that purpose.

If you get errors in regard to an address already in use when attempting a port scan using Netcat, you might need to lock Netcat into a particular source IP and source port using the —s and —p options. Identify Yourself: Services Spilling Their Guts After using Netcat or a dedicated port-scanning tool such as nmap see Chapter 4 to identify what ports are open on a system, you might like to be able to get more information about those ports.

You can usually accomplish this by connecting to a port; the service will immediately spill its version number, build, and perhaps even the underlying operating system. So you should be able to use Netcat to scan a certain range of ports and report back on those services. If you simply run nc So you need to figure out something to say to all of these services that might convince them to tell you more about themselves. A hacker who finds a particularly interesting port might be able to obtain even more information by focusing on that service and trying to speak its language.

Oh, how nice! It let us see the root index. System administrators can go as far as hacking source code to change these types of banners to give out false information. Some of that data can get interpreted by telnet as telnet options. Second, telnet closes the connection as soon as its input reaches EOF. Netcat will remain open until the network side is closed, which is useful for using scripts to initiate connections that expect large amounts of received data when sending a single line of input.

One way to determine whether syslog is accepting UDP packets is to try the following and then see if anything shows up in the log:.

And if you check the kernel log, you should see something like this:. Feb 12 originix kernel: Symbols match kernel version 2. Feb 12 originix kernel: Loaded 18 symbols from 5 modules. Feb 12 originix I can speak syslog. This is a good way to determine whether remote UDP servers are running.

The yes command outputs a string provided on the command line over and over until the process is killed. This will flood the syslog daemon on targethost with "blahblahblah" messages and could even crash the daemon so that it no longer accepts syslog messages.

Without syslog, any further login attempts will not be recorded by the system. The attacker could even try using a fake IP address -s See the next section for more information on using a fake IP address spoofing. However, because Netcat can spoof source IP addresses, an attacker could guess a valid IP address from your list and put you right back where you were.

Blocking incoming syslog traffic on the firewall is always the safest bet. Perhaps we should rephrase that. Spoofing an IP address is easy. Firewalls that do masquerading or network address translation NAT spoof IP addresses on a daily basis. These devices can take a packet from an internal IP address, change the source IP address in the packet to its own IP address, send it out on the network, and undo the modifications when it receives data back from the destination. So changing the contents of the source IP address in an IP packet is easy.

Netcat gives you the —s option, which lets you specify whatever IP address you want. Someone could start a port scan against someone else and use the —s option to make the target think it is being scanned by Microsoft or the Federal Bureau of Investigation FBI. The problem arises, however, when you actually want the responses from the spoofed port scan to return to your real IP address. Because the target host thinks it received a connection request from Microsoft, for example, it will attempt to send an acknowledgement to that Microsoft IP.

The IP will, of course, have no idea what the target host is talking about and will send a reset. How does the information get back to the real IP without being discovered?

Other than actually hacking the machine to be framed, the only other viable option is to use source routing. Source routing allows a network application to specify the route it would like to take to its destination.

Two kinds of source routing exist: strict and loose. Strict source routing means that the packet must specify every hop in the route to the destination host. Some routers and network devices still allow strict source routing, but few should still allow loose source routing. Loose source routing tells routers and network devices that the routers can do most of the routing to the destination host, but it says that the packet must pass through a specified set of routers on its way to the destination.

This is dangerous, as it can allow a hacker to pass a packet through a machine she controls perhaps a machine that changes the IP address of the incoming packet to that of someone else. Through this method, source routing can allow an attacker to spoof an IP address and still get responses back. Most routers ignore source routing options altogether, but not all. For example, nc —g If we tried nc —g So on the way to On the return trip, however, the packet will pass through all four machines.

Snort, the IDS we cover in Chapter 16, does this by default. Anyone who might be running a traffic analyzer like Ethereal will easily be able to spot source routing treachery, as the options section of the IP header will be larger than normal and the IP addresses in the route list will be clearly visible using an ASCII decoder.

So to sum up, framing someone else for network misbehavior is easy. Actually pretending to be someone is a bit more difficult, however. Either way, Netcat can help do both. You might have to first configure a "dummy" interface with the fake IP address before Netcat lets you use it. Hijacking a Service Go log on to your favorite system and run the command netstat —a —n.

Look at the top of the output for things that are listening. You should see something like this:. The last three are rlogin, rexec, and rsh, respectively, which would be a great find for any hacker because they are so insecure. But what else is worth noting? Moreover, the response can be sync in Google Drive, users can request file uploads from individuals outside their respective company, with the storage cap initially set at 1 GB.

Survey Monkey. Survey Monkey is quite a well-known name in the field but is also costing. It is a great choice for you if you want an easy user interface for basic surveys, as its free plan supports for unlimited surveys, however, each survey is limited to 10 questions. Survey Gizmo. SurveyGizmo can be customized to meet a wide range of data-collection demands. The free version has up to 25 question types, letting you write a survey that caters to specific needs.

PollDaddy is online survey software that allows users to embed surveys on their website or inviting respondents via email. Its free version supports unlimited polls, 19 types of questions, and even adding images, videos, and content from YouTube, Flickr, Google Maps, and more.

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